V.J. Chalupa

On Post-Modern Politics

 

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CHAPTER 28

 

SOME CONCLUSIONS  

 

When the theoretical principles of politics are applied to the actual political situation in the United States some practical conclusions follow.  Rekindling the spiritual development in the United States requires both the opening of room for differentiation (variability and competition) and firming up integration. This does not mean a return to the past; the changes effected by the Movement make it impossible and attempts at it are futile; but the past represents a solid and correct foundation on which it is possible to build and which it is desirable to develop.

 

The State

 

Differentiation

 

The general rule of promoting spiritual growth through adjustments in the structure of the state is to strengthen and widen democracy.

 

Democracy consists in an arrangement in which subjects of duty bound by a norm are also, to the largest extent, the normgivers. This principle is based on the recognition that the so-called ordinary people know best what is good -- that when they reason on the basis of the diversity of their lives' experience using their common sense and with assistance of tradition and religion, and when they have sufficient knowledge on the issues to be decided, they arrive in their  majority conclusions at more correct decisions than specialists and experts who judge things from their limited viewpoint. Therefore, the principle of subsidiarity is a strong contribution to democracy: it brings normgiving to those who are closest to the issue to be decided, are familiar with it and know best the consequences of their decision, especially in matters of morals and education. "Ordinary people" are also those who are more willing to subordinate their individual interest to the common good than any other sector of the population. Therefore the strengthening of local self-government and its insulation from interference by federal institutions, especially the arbitrariness of the federal judiciary, represents the strengthening of democracy.

 

In the same direction aims the transfer to the states of jurisdictions accumulated by the federal government and not covered by the original contract between the states, and especially the exemption of state matters from the jurisdiction of federal courts. It is necessary for the protection of the remaining sovereignty of states that federal judiciary be inhibited from overturning legislative acts and especially results of referendums as unconstitutional by an inventive interpretation of the Constitution. The failure of the assumption by the federal government of jurisdiction over matters reserved by the states is clearly demonstrated on the example of abortion: as long as abortion was a matter under the jurisdiction of states, it did not represent a serious political problem; once it was "federalized" by the Supreme Court, it divided the nation like nothing since slavery. 

 

The other branches of the federal government, i.e., the legislature and the executive, have also the duty and right to protect the Constitution and therefore the obligation and duty to counteract arbitrary judicial decisions which are, by common sense and logical reasoning, against or outside the plain wording of the Constitution; best constitutional lawyers defend against "activist" judges the integrity of "original intent" of the Constitution and their expert opinion would support corrective measures by Congress and the President. 

 

The principle of subsidiarity is applicable also to the raising of taxes, principally to federal taxation when its proceeds are used for purposes other than those entrusted to the Federation by the Constitution. Introduction of subsidiarity would mean that the main institution taxing individuals would be the states; increase of their jurisdiction demands inevitably additional revenues whose collection can be accomplished only if outweighted by lowering of federal taxes. The administration of tax proceeds by the federal government is notoriously wasteful and all attempts to curb the wastefulness have been in vain; due to its size, complexity and ramification, federal bureaucracy is unmanageable; states' administrations are under closer control and therefore more efficient. If Congress finds that the taxing system managed by states is incapable of redressing significant social disparities between states, it would be much more efficient and democratic to impose on states equalization contributions into a common fund from which they would be redistributed to the needy states from the wealthy states. Individual states would be free to defray or to spend this assessment in any way they would find best. Federal grants with strings attached restrict the jurisdiction of lower administrative units including states, and should not be included in the federal budget. This would also decrease radically the need and opportunity for corruption at the federal level. All agencies dealing with matters not reserved by the Constitution to the federal government should legally be abolished. Only such a reform will bring bureaucracy under control.

 

Such a radical democratization of the legal structure would significantly reduce the elites' near monopoly on intellectual leadership executed through the system of public schools.

 

Integration

 

The American legal system was built as a system of rights and was balanced by Christianity which is a system of duties -- no man has rights against God. Since the balancing power of Christianity has been legally eliminated by the so-called wall of separation between Church and state, certain integrating elements have to be included into the legal system to restore the balance.

 

The Constitution lists certain inalienable rights attaching to each human being as self-evident because stemming from nature and its Creator and not dependent on the individuals' will; from the same source flow self-evident obligations attaching to each human being independently of individuals' will or consent. These obligations are ("self-evident") duties towards self, duties towards others, obligations towards the community, obligations toward the nation, towards humanity, and nature.

 

- Towards self, man has the obligation to procure means necessary to develop his potentialities into actualities which includes protection of his life and his health. A body is a cooperative of millions of cells; each of them gains safer and longer life. As man's mind and will coordinate them, he is bound to direct them towards this end.

-   Corporally closest to each are one's relatives, i.e., parents and grand-parents, siblings, children and their children, and the person with whom one forms "one flesh" in the transfer of life, and this person's relatives. From this bond flows the duty to care and provide for this group -- the family -- on the basis of solidarity, and also to extend the solidarity to their families if need be.

- In a wider sense, and on an increasingly cultural basis, one has obligations towards one's nation, an entity based on common ancestry and common culture, especially language, to protect its independence, work for its well-being and to increase its numbers and its spiritual and material wealth.

- Towards humanity as the carrier of life's evolution man has the duty to ensure and multiply its life, expand its horizons, contribute towards maintaining peace and establishing an international law based on principles of individual rights, freedoms and obligations as well as the principle of national independence and state sovereignty, and to resist and suppress attempts at subverting or endangering these values.

- Towards the environment, man has the duty to avoid actions or omissions which endanger or destroy life, natural resources and species for reasons and in ways not indispensable for the life of humanity. Man has also the duty to change the environment  in ways which moderate its natural destructiveness and increase its harmony and beauty.

- Towards others, man has the natural duty to exercise his rights in a manner which does not violate their rights and which respects their dignity and sensibilities.

- Towards the state in which he lives, man has the duty to observe its laws (he should have the right to leave it as long as he does not intend to obey). The same applies to other organizations or associations to which he belongs.

 

Certain formulations of natural duties are contained in the pledge of allegiance: Americans pledge allegiance to the Republic, to its nation, submission to God, to liberty and justice for all. The incorporation of such natural obligations appropriately formulated into individual states' legal systems, even if overruled by the federal judiciary and retained only as non-binding declaration of the will of a state's citizenry, can serve as interpretative guidelines for the state's courts and for political decisions in order to redress the supremacy of integrating elements over  disintegration.

 

Another integrating factor inherent to democracy is the principle that the majority creates the will of the state in so far as it does not subvert the right of the minority to become a majority and the inalienable rights and civil liberties protected by international treaties and agreements, and in the United States also by its constitution. The majority principle loses its integrative power if the majority must respect in all its decisions the peculiarities, sensitivities and special interests of minorities beyond the equal status before the law. The principle of equality of groups regardless of their numerical strength is not compatible with democracy because it involves the creation of a permanently privileged number of people; beyond a certain point, legally enforced preferences for individuals based on their minority character exceeds individual equality and approaches equality of groups. This might be acceptable and agreed upon by the majority under exceptional circumstances as a temporary remedy. As a permanent arrangement or a permanent "temporary" arrangement it is contrary to democratic principles and has disintegrating consequences. Government against the will of the majority can be maintained only by open or disguised liquidation of democracy.

 

Nation

 

The Pledge of Allegiance (now under attack) describes the population of the United States as "one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." Enthusiastically recited by multitudes at all public gatherings, it expressed the overarching national consensus. This consensus is now vanishing.

 

The unity of this purportedly indivisible American nation was not anchored in common national or racial origin, but in the religious identity ("under God") and adherence to its constitution and especially its Bill of Rights ("with liberty and justice for all") of its citizens.  This attitude -- patriotism as a form of nationalism -- is incompatible with the individualism of the elitist ideology; their movement therefore pioneers multiculturalism, introduction of alternative official languages and racially adjusted history which separate a people into groups of individuals rather than uniting them into a nation. Experience shows that usually states with a population divided by a multitude of cultures, languages and histories do not last and, often bloodily, break up into nation states. In the United States, the slide on this slippery slope has already started.

 

The elitist ideology is by its very nature unable to form a nation, and is unable to do so especially in the United States whose majority is religious and will not accept killing as means of public policy, even if disguised as compassion (abortion, euthanasia, assisted suicide), and without killing the proven practices of animal husbandry cannot be applied. The population of the United States can be re-formed into a nation if presented with a mission in line with its main characteristics: generosity, true compassion, freedom and a pioneering spirit. This means assuming leadership in activating the resources of the planet and the potential of the human race for ensuring its growth and for pushing humanity's "frontiers" past the limits of this planet -- into space. Only the United States has, in this historical period, the means and opportunity to do so, provided it undertakes this as its objectives in the same spirit in which it secured the dominance of democracy worldwide.

 

Economy

 

Disappearance of the middle class resulting in the forming of an hourglass type society is detrimental to democracy; democracy was strongest in America, when the majority of its population owned means of production and could, with their help, provide for itself. The forces of the free market and progress of technology reversed this relationship: at present, only a minority owns means of production and the majority is dependent on wages, salaries and welfare payments.

 

This majority of the population has been entangled into a web of material dependency on the federal government: through reliance on unemployment compensation, welfare payments, Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, agricultural subsidies, scholarships, payments to one-parent families, disaster assistance. This dependency influences the votes of the recipients, pits each group of beneficiaries against others and makes a needed reform unlikely. To return to this majority its economic, and therefore political, independence, two reforms suggest themselves:

 

-  Transfer and entrust the creation and management of the safety nets to individual families by encouraging or coercing them to establish and hold funds for future expected expenses: on education, for illness, for retirement, and/or insurance coverages for unexpected outlays: unemployment, disaster, accident. This would relieve the government from collecting and dispensing the funds for all these purposes, necessary subsidies be the responsibility of states and self-government.

 

- Rather then transfer income, transfer ownership of means of production. This approach has been partly tried by various states (Mexico, Chile) and is successful. Its substance is: corporations pay taxes in the form of their stocks; taxpayers obtain vouchers, conceivably in amounts in reverse order of income. The vouchers enable them to bid for shares of companies from the above mentioned created fund; successful bidders pay the price and this payment flows in the coffers of the government instead of individuals' taxes. The purchasers of these shares have all the rights of regular shareholders except one: they can not (until certain age) sell them; they can only exchange them for shares of other companies from the same fund. In time, each taxpayer would accumulate enough shares to obtain from their dividends the necessary support payments which are now obtained from the government. Every citizen would thus share in the wealth of the entire nation -- also in profits obtained by multinational corporations in other countries. He would also bear his share in economic difficulties; such share would necessarily be less than the share now borne by non-owners of means of production: they are the ones who are affected first and foremost and bear the brunt of any economic slump.

 

Foreign Policy and International Relations

 

The United States as the most powerful nation is by its position forced to engender a certain world order which would embody its leading ideas. The obvious instrument of the establishment of such an order is the United Nations Organization even if it is very poorly qualified to take up such a role. To be able to play it, it needs to undergo a number of changes.

 

The United Nations Organization was created for the purpose of maintaining peace; this original purpose has become a side issue; the organization sprouted a number of agencies in various fields having nothing to do with its original objective. They deal with culture, health, children, housing, women rights, environment, and while they interfere in internal matters of states they are practically out of anyone's control. Led by members or imitators of the Western elitist movement, they are endeavoring to impose on the world a uniform, i.e., western elitist culture. No matter what official aims the sundry agencies have, their agenda always boils down to one objective: to prevent more people to be born. The abolishment of all these accretions would render the operations of UNO much less expensive and would disrupt the efforts of its bureaucracy to create a world government without an agreement of the member states and their peoples and beyond their control.

 

As the source of a world legal order, equipped therefore also with an enforcement force, UNO's agenda and activities would need to be strictly limited and its day-to-day operations put under consistent control. This means the policy of the U.S. as the leading member would apply to UNO the same principle as mentioned under the subsection on the state: democratization. This application could take on various forms, but it has to address the following points: (1) the principle of "one state, one vote" is not democratic because states are not equal; to make the UNO credible, the number of representatives or of votes of each state should also reflect the number of its citizens as well as other criteria -- economic power, education, stability; (2) the institution of the Security Council has become obsolete, the composition of its permanent members does not reflect power relationships which were the deciding criterion at the time when UNO was founded; a procedure for their rotation or recall is overdue; (3) the organization needs a small permanent elective body supervising the functioning of UNO's bureaucracy.

 

By restricting its objectives to matters more closely related to its original peace keeping mission, UNO could become efficient and meaningful. In addition to its present interventions in areas of conflict, such objectives are: (a) to organize and perform worldwide interdiction of drug trade; drug traffickers profit from the fact  that their business reaches across state boundaries and is prosecuted under different legal systems; (b) to keep track of production of arms of mass destruction and report findings to the Security Council or other supervisory body; (c) to take over the administration ("mandate") of countries incapable of governing themselves either due to a protracted civil war or a repeated famine, (d) organize space exploration and exploitation, (e) secure sufficient food production for a growing world population (rather than pushing life-prevention measures). By following these objectives, the U.S. would be building the foundations of a world legal system because all participating states would have to surrender to the UNO some elements of their sovereignty relating to these projects (and only these elements); this surrender would be made easier and more palatable, if the organization taking over these fractions of sovereignty had significant democratic elements in its structure. By taking initiative in any of these projects, the United States could assure itself world leadership longer than by financing depopulation measures and creating anomie around the world -- measures which will reap it enemies and turmoil caused by breakdown of the various national cultures and religions.

 

To sustain its international mission, the United States needs to rely on the support of states which are closest. There are two regions of them. Geographically and geopolitically closest are the states of North and Central America; geopolitically and culturally closest are the states of Western and Central Europe.

 

The basis of closer cooperation is economic interpenetration and integration. This cannot avoid bringing with it certain sacrifices to be borne by U.S. citizens; these sacrifices are justifiable, as long as U.S. foreign policy manages to transform economic closeness into political cooperation solidified by supra-national institutions following identical aims of member states; such organization must not fall into the hands of self-governing bureaucracies which chip away at member states' sovereignty. In both areas, the conditions for such organizations being under democratic control of member states are much more favorable than are conditions worldwide, because the economic, educational and political (democratic) levels are almost identical. The regional institutions do not have to be composed only  by government representatives, but some can be (in Europe they already are) elected directly by the people of the member states. In order to prevent managerization the elected normgiving (policy making) regional bodies must not be shunted aside to a "consultative" role; they have to have also a supervisory and controlling function and effectively perform it. Such regional organizations are also a fallback position if and when another power center attains superpower status allowing it to compete with the United Stats in building a global legal system.

 

To remain a superpower, the United States needs moreover to maintain bilateral ties with reliable allies in other areas and maintain its presence it their regional organizations to exert a balancing and peace keeping (i.e., war preventive)  influence.

 

In order to maintain a leadership position without or with minimal use of force (economic, military or political pressure), the US must avoid coming as a promoter of the elitist ideology inimical to national sovereignty, religion, family, and children of other countries, such policy being against "the laws of nature and nature's God" its long term effects cannot fail being disastrous.

 

Political System

 

The American political system is fundamentally a two-party system; attempts to create a third party have never been successful since the creation of the Republican Party. The two contending parties are at present the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

 

Their election programs are almost identical; they differ somewhat in methods, but not too much in goals. There is only one issue that divides them sharply and defies attempts at compromise; it is the issue of abortion. Through the instrumentality of the two parties there takes place a clash of two irreconcilable movements described as "pro-life" and "pro-choice", the first one defending the "sanctity of life", the other the "quality of life" when relating to preborn human beings. The designation "pro-life" is accurate; the designation "pro-choice" is a misnomer; its adherents concentrate on the right to abortion and have not yet expressed any concern, help or assistance to women who choose to have children. Therefore in the interest of accuracy, the term "pro-abortion" will be used, although the issue of abortion is the most visible and critical, but not the only one. Each of the two movements is the result of two different ideologies, the elitist one (see Chapter 23) with an articulated program of managing humanity (biomaterialism)  and the opposing one with no systematic positive program, and therefore in constant defensive. The two conflicting positions then permeate the two movements' attitudes toward almost all political issues which, not having a political solution due to the unyielding stand of both, end before the courts -- and with another victory of the pro-abortion movement not only in matters related to abortion, but also concerning euthanasia, assisted suicide, homosexuality, pornography, public schools, libraries and an entire progeny of more or less related matters.

 

The preceding analyses conclude that the pro-abortion movement and its background philosophy are mistaken and fatal. The American political scene will now be evaluated on the basis of this conclusion starting with the recognition that the elitist movement has the initiative and is on the way to creating a decentralized totalitarian political system (Chapter 7) by having attained in part the necessary near-monopolies of communications, intellectual leadership and organization. This emerging political system is wedded with strong elements of the reverse solidarism economic system  (Chapter 9).

 

The near-monopoly of communications is almost complete; all opinion polls indicate that over 80% of reporters, commentators and managers of the nation-wide TV corporations and other media agree with the pro-abortion movement in all issues. On the pro-life side are ranged dozens of local radio stations belonging to the evangelical and biblical "fundamentalist" churches, which devote all their time to religious programs. On the Catholic side, there is one explicitly pro-life TV station which also has an almost exclusively religious character (Masses, rosaries, homilies). For information on politics, economy, science and entertainment, their listeners have to turn to the gigantic corporations which mostly propagate the elitist world view covertly, but consistently; this cannot remain without effect. Among the subtle suggestions, there are explicit plays, movies and panels to break society's "taboos" and immunize it against biases and prejudices of the traditional civic religion. The result is that the ideology of the elitist movement penetrates into the ranks of its opponents, but there is no movement in the opposite direction. Lately, new technology, namely Internet, seems to have alleviated this isolation. Even so, the pro-life movement needs its own "secular" TV corporation which would provide its listeners with the same material as the pro-abortion corporations without their onesided perspectives.

 

In the world of publications, the situation is similar. All popular periodicals are favorable to the elites; there exist some good magazines on the pro-life side, but they represent a small fraction of the total output. They are more or less boxed in to the readers of their persuasion. The selection of magazines in public places is typical. In waiting rooms of doctors, dentists, lawyers, in restaurants and most libraries, on stands in grocery chains a pro-life publication is never found; nor are they advertised by the most powerful advertiser of magazines, the Publishers' Clearing House or in the samplers distributed by banks to their charge card customers.

 

Among plays and novels, whether science fiction, spy stories or detective stories, there is practically none that would not take a critical stand towards marriage and family life and would not depict in detail a sexual act or preferably a perversion. This is so although the rare stories which do not follow this fashion, become best-sellers (like the Hobbitt saga) and reruns of old films on TV like the series "I love Lucy" are highly popular, which would indicate that the public still retains its old preferences of decency. Popular songs for the young generation went so far that they became the subject of parental protests so strong that some publishing houses agreed to adopt a rating system similar to that existing in movies.

 

The near-monopoly of intellectual leadership is completed on the prestigious universities, and in public schools at least to the extent that favorable mentions of Christianity are expunged from history books and readers. Research into fields which are "politically incorrect" or "culturally incorrect" is not funded, not welcome and seldom published. Universities of Christian Protestant churches mostly concentrate on theology and are not esteemed for their natural sciences. The Catholic Church had a few prestigious universities, but they declared their independence from Church authorities and ignored recent papal instructions to submit to their diocesan bishops. Intellectually, they are sources of support for the elitist values. One or two new ones of high quality have been opened and operate successfully, but the results of their efforts are not yet felt.

 

The biggest battle between the elitists and their opponents was and is being fought on the subject of sex (renamed "family") education in grammar schools and high schools; the battles fought school district by school district mainly by the "extreme religious right" were occasionally won and often lost. In Catholic schools, the clinical sex education was frequently introduced by sympathizers (nuns) of the pro-abortion movement. The graphic presentation of the various types of sex combined with education to tolerance and equivalency of all the practices and life-styles to pupils and students of the most impressionable age destroys their natural modesty and introduces them to experimentation which renders them receptive to the entire message of the elitist ideology; the authority of the school offsets the authority of parents from whom the children are cautioned to keep hidden their schoolbooks on sexual education and its contents. By requesting children to report "incorrect" behavior of parents some schools have assumed a control function over private lives similar to that of schools in totalitarian regimes. The dissatisfaction of parents has called forth a growth of private (mostly religion-affiliated) schools and a movement towards home schooling.

 

The near-monopoly of organization is not complete, but is successful in the most important area -- in politics. Of the two political parties, the Democratic Party is firmly under control of the elitist movement; the control is such that not even one of pro-lifers among the delegates of the Party's convention was permitted to speak. The situation is different in the Republican Party. The pro-abortion forces in the party endeavored to nominate a "pro-choicer" for President and to remove the party's commitment to the pro-life position from the its platform. They did not succeed, but they have enough power in the party that in the conflict between the pro-life and pro-abortion movements in Congress the pro-life forces in the party are effectively paralyzed.

 

The political organizations of the pro-life movement, the Christian Coalition and the Moral Majority, are strong enough to prevent the Republican Party from moving into the pro-choice ranks, but they are evidently not able to exert political power. But without gaining sufficient political power ("clout"), the pro-life movement will remain helpless. The progress from a moral and religious movement to a political movement and from a political movement to a political party is for the survival of democracy in the United States necessary. It will be speeded up because members of the elitist movement will sooner or later abandon and actually already began to abandon their movements main strength: invisibility of oppression and tolerance of helpless dissent (41). Certain anti-religious steps as inimical to Christianity as the communist regimes had been, are pushing the pro-life movement nilly-willy to political action (Appendix 8). In such occasions, a political personality has he opportunity to translate into political action the indignation of people who realize that they are themselves denigrated on a personal, intimate level. Such opportunities might, but might not arise again.

 

To attain direct political power, the pro-life movement is forced to attempt the creation of its own instrument which transforms voters' will into the State's will, i.e., a political party translating the objectives of the movement into political will: a legislative program, its implementation by the executive branch and its respect by the judiciary.

 

There appear only two scenarios for the pro-life movement in this respect.  One is to obtain control of the Republican Party even at the price of losing its pro-choice segment and its desertion making it a minority party again. In spite of the fact that its last National Convention retained, in its plank, the party's commitment to the pro-life cause and specifically its anti-abortion stand, these and other related moral issues did not appear on any of the insistent appeals for help and activity with which the party's adherents were inundated by the Republican National Committee and the corresponding Senate and House of Representative's as well as local committees in preparation for the 1998 elections. Detailed questionnaires centered on economic issues (which are of little interest to citizens without taxable incomes: tax cuts, balanced budget, "big labor bosses") and remained silent on issues which do interest every citizen: partial birth abortion, condoms and sex propaganda in schools, same sex marriages, special privileges for homosexuals, euthanasia/assisted suicide. Since there is no probability that the Democratic Party would take them up, by this simple maneuver these items were swept off the political agenda.

 

The other option for the pro-life movement is to create its own party with an uncompromisingly pro-life program. To succeed under this scenario, such a party would have to fulfill three conditions: (1) It would have to join its pro-life platform with a consistent program opposing the elitist ideology in all its points, especially in its unobtrusive circumvention of democratic political processes, and combine this program with a new economic program barring reverse solidarism and including tax reform, welfare reform and reform of financing elections. The program would have to articulate clearly the attitude towards abortion: no compromise concerning its illegality, but admitting alleviating circumstances (same as in ordinary murder cases); (2) it would have to be a party of a type new in American politics: a party based on small local organizations as a foundation for a hierarchical structure through which would constantly flow (by inexpensive internal communications -- internet, broadcasts, tapes, videos, leaflets or brochures) input and feedback between the leadership and the membership; a prototype of such local organizations can be the assemblies of local Christian churches in the South and regular meetings of local pro-life groups in the Midwest; joining the forces of the Christian churches in the South with local pro-life Catholic parish groups and gaining the support of the (local) Catholic hierarchy would increase tremendously its change of success; (3) it would have to extend its economic foundation beyond the small contributions of members to financial support of larger economic entities; the first steps in this respect were taken by certain long distance telephone lines and charge card issuers ("Lifeline") who deliver a certain percentage of their income to pro-life organizations (other business could follow: they have an assured customer basis); (4) it would have to concentrate its efforts and resources on one state in which it could win a visible victory in the first elections: governor, senator or congressman. It could then target cutting off the flow of funds from public coffers into the coffers of anti-life organizations, domestic and international or at least balance such contributions with contributions to truly pro-family and pro-life organizations. With related publicity (which would be unavoidable) it could then expect to enter the next elections with confidence, and even its minimal victory would have worldwide repercussions: it would give the pro-life forces in all the beleaguered countries a rallying point and hope. Its opponents would use a strong weapon against effective pro-life political action: the attempt (already initiated by some anti-life groups) : to use the overlapping membership of political pro-life supporters with membership of Chritsian churches to accuse churches of political activity and deprive them of their tax privileges.

 

Without a political success, the pro-life movement will continue to lose ground; so far, no concerted political effort has been made by its components. Under normal circumstances, the American political system makes the success of a new party very difficult, but the circumstances change by the steadily decreasing voters' participation in elections. (According to newspapers, during the last election 36% of the electorate cast their votes; of the 36% only 49% elected the President; this means that the decision about the Presidency was made by less than 19% of voters.) In this situation, a party of disciplined members convinced of the vital importance of its program can overcome the difficulties for new parties imbedded in the majority electoral system. This would seem to be an overwhelming task, but with the Creator's blessing, it would succeed; after all, it would be in harmony with his rationally recognizable plan for humanity.